Diabetic and Retinal Vascular Eye Disease.

The retinal vasculature is the only neurovascular system directly visible to the human eye, easily evaluated by fundoscopy and many imaging modalities. This window allows physicians to diagnose and treat retinal pathologies and detect systemic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, hypercoagulable/hyperviscosity syndromes, and vasculitis. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common retinal vascular disease, followed by retinal vein and artery occlusion. Patients with these conditions require medical optimization to prevent further damage to the eyes and to the other organs. Both the internists and medical subspecialists play a crucial role in the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of vision-threatening retinal vascular diseases.