Achilles Tendon Animal Models: Insights and Applications.

This comprehensive article explores the role of animal models in understanding Achilles tendinopathy, detailing methodologies for inducing tendon injury, histologic progression per the continuum model, and applications in translational research. It highlights rodent and large animal models, mechanical and chemical injury methods, and advances in imaging and diagnostics. Emphasis is placed on the development of targeted therapies including interleukin-1β and interleukin-17A antagonists. The article concludes by advocating for refined models, improved imaging, and more stratified clinical trials to enhance translation of preclinical findings into patient-specific treatments.