Immune Dysregulation in Ischemic Heart Disease Among Individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience an elevated risk of ischemic heart disease and related cardiovascular sequelae. This is due to a combination of factors including traditional comorbidities, adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy, low-level viremia, viral coinfection, mucosal injury, and chronic immune activation and dysregulation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, especially as they relate to inflammation, has implications for prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutics. This review highlights some of the foundational and recent literature on clinical phenotypes, diagnostic tools, and promising pharmacotherapies, along with future directions for translational research and clinical implementation.