Identifying Work-Related Factors Leading to Awkward Postures and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Crane Operators: Insights From a Grounded Theory Study.

BACKGROUND

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) remain a leading cause of occupational disability worldwide. Overhead crane operators are frequently exposed to awkward postures that increase the risk of MSDs. While physical conditions are often blamed, the broader organizational and ergonomic context remains underexplored.

METHODS

This study employed a grounded theory approach, conducting 52 semi-structured interviews with crane operators and safety personnel in a large Iranian steel company. Transcripts were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding via MAXQDA software.

RESULTS

Eight interrelated categories were identified as contributing factors: individual behavior, communication practices, managerial oversight, physical infrastructure, cabin design, psychological demands, seat ergonomics, and visual limitations. The conceptual model illustrates how these systemic and personal domains converge to reinforce harmful postural patterns.

CONCLUSION

Addressing postural risk among crane operators requires a holistic ergonomics strategy that incorporates operator feedback, redesign of work environments, and organizational reforms. The proposed model serves as a framework for targeted ergonomic interventions in high-risk industrial settings.