Relative associations of polycystic ovarian syndrome vs metabolic syndrome with thyroid function, volume, nodularity and autoimmunity.

BACKGROUND

Ovarian tumors are rare in children, accounting for 1-2% of all pediatric malignancies. Recent trends emphasize fertility preservation, but data on the evolution of practice and outcomes remain limited. This study examines changes in surgical management and outcomes of pediatric ovarian tumors over two decades.

METHODS

All children who underwent surgery for ovarian pathologies at a tertiary pediatric surgery center between 2002 and 2021 were reviewed. Patients with histopathologically confirmed ovarian tumors were included. Clinical characteristics, surgical approaches, histopathology, and outcomes were analyzed. Patients were divided into two 10-year periods to evaluate trends over time, and age-based subgroup analysis compared prepubertal (≤12 years) and pubertal (≤12 years) patients.

RESULTS

Of 324 children undergoing ovarian surgery, 87 had histologically confirmed tumors. The most common histological type was mature cystic teratoma (54.0%). Eighteen tumors (20.7%) were malignant. Ovarian-sparing surgery (OSS) increased from 20.0% (6/30) to 61.4% (35/57) (p<0.001), and the laparoscopic approach increased from 6.7% to 35.1% (p=0.008). Patients undergoing OSS had significantly smaller tumors (median 7.0 cm vs 12.0 cm, p<0.001) and lower malignancy rates (2.4% vs 37.0%, p<0.001). Prepubertal patients had higher malignancy rates than pubertal patients (29.5% vs 11.6%, p=0.039). During a mean 4-year follow-up, recurrence rates were similar between OSS and oophorectomy groups (4.9% vs 2.2%, p=0.90).

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical management of pediatric ovarian tumors has evolved significantly toward fertility-preserving approaches. OSS is safe and effective in appropriately selected patients. The higher malignancy rate in prepubertal patients highlights the importance of age-specific evaluation. Careful preoperative assessment and case selection remain essential for optimal outcomes.