From structural biology to precision medicine-decoding the key receptor in thyroid disorders.

The thyroid‑stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), a major autoantigen, has become a druggable precision‑medicine target in thyroid disorders. Recent cryo‑EM advances have clarified the dual‑mode activation and allosteric landscape of this receptor, boosting the development of novel therapeutics that include blocking antibodies, pathway‑specific small molecules and TSHR-IGF‑1R crosstalk inhibitors. Functional antibody subtyping and receptor‑targeted imaging also improve diagnostic accuracy. This review summarizes TSHR translational progress, illustrating how mechanistic findings support novel diagnostics, targeted agents and curative immunotherapies.