Relapsed/refractory primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma: a structured review of epidemiology, treatment guidelines and real-world treatment practices.

Background: Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is an uncommon subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Approximately 10-30% of patients experience refractory or relapsed PMBCL (rrPMBCL) after first-line therapy. Data and treatment guidelines for rrPMBCL are scarce, and management is based on clinical experience.Methods: Two structured literature reviews were undertaken to determine the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates associated with rrPMBCL, and to identify clinical practice guidelines and real-world patterns of care.Results: Epidemiology studies included reported lymphomas (n = 1), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 1), lymphoid neoplasm (n = 1), PMBCL (n = 6), and rrPMBCL (n = 1). Of 12 published treatment guidelines, only four provided recommendations for rrPMBCL. Sixteen studies provided data on real-world treatment patterns, but most were single-center studies with small patient numbers. Chemotherapy/immunochemotherapy, followed by high-dose treatment (HDT) and stem cell transplantation, was a mainstay of salvage therapy in most studies; real-world care generally followed treatment guidelines.Conclusions: Salvage chemotherapy (often with rituximab and radiotherapy), followed by HDT and stem cell transplantation, appears to be the standard real-world treatment for rrPMBCL. However, large prospective and retrospective studies are warranted to improve our knowledge of real-world treatment patterns.