Frontiers in psychology · 2026
The cognitive engine of evaluative threat: socially prescribed perfectionism and Music Performance Anxiety-a moderated mediation analysis of rumination and self-compassion.
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Yan Haitao, Liu Chang
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SP) is a robust risk factor for Music Performance Anxiety (MPA), yet the underlying cognitive and regulatory mechanisms remain inadequately understood.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to delineate these pathways by constructing a moderated mediation model, examining rumination as a cognitive mediator and Self-Compassion (SC) as a multi-stage moderator.
METHODS: Data were collected from 606 university music students. Analyses were conducted using Hayes' PROCESS macro (Model 59) to test the moderated mediation, controlling for academic grade and performance frequency.
RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis established an excellent measurement model fit (χ2/df = 4.37, CFI = 0.957, RMSEA = 0.075). SP significantly predicted MPA both directly and indirectly specifically through rumination; other ruminative dimensions (Symptom Rumination and Reflection) were non-significant mediators. Crucially, SC moderated this mediation process at multiple stages. First, SC buffered the initial impact of perfectionistic pressure on rumination (B = -0.10). Second, a complex "Awareness Paradox" emerged: the positive link between rumination and MPA was significantly stronger among individuals with high SC (B = 0.16). Consequently, conditional indirect effect analysis demonstrated that the indirect effect of SP on MPA via rumination was only significant at moderate and high levels of SC.
CONCLUSION: This study validates the "social expectations" framework of MPA, identifying rumination as the critical mechanism translating internalized social pressure into cognitive interference. Theoretically, findings highlight the dual-edged nature of self-compassion: acting as a protective buffer against maladaptive thinking, while potentially facilitating heightened emotional awareness. Practically, music pedagogy should prioritize cognitive restructuring alongside nuanced self-compassion training to help musicians process, rather than suppress, performance-related distress.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to delineate these pathways by constructing a moderated mediation model, examining rumination as a cognitive mediator and Self-Compassion (SC) as a multi-stage moderator.
METHODS: Data were collected from 606 university music students. Analyses were conducted using Hayes' PROCESS macro (Model 59) to test the moderated mediation, controlling for academic grade and performance frequency.
RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis established an excellent measurement model fit (χ2/df = 4.37, CFI = 0.957, RMSEA = 0.075). SP significantly predicted MPA both directly and indirectly specifically through rumination; other ruminative dimensions (Symptom Rumination and Reflection) were non-significant mediators. Crucially, SC moderated this mediation process at multiple stages. First, SC buffered the initial impact of perfectionistic pressure on rumination (B = -0.10). Second, a complex "Awareness Paradox" emerged: the positive link between rumination and MPA was significantly stronger among individuals with high SC (B = 0.16). Consequently, conditional indirect effect analysis demonstrated that the indirect effect of SP on MPA via rumination was only significant at moderate and high levels of SC.
CONCLUSION: This study validates the "social expectations" framework of MPA, identifying rumination as the critical mechanism translating internalized social pressure into cognitive interference. Theoretically, findings highlight the dual-edged nature of self-compassion: acting as a protective buffer against maladaptive thinking, while potentially facilitating heightened emotional awareness. Practically, music pedagogy should prioritize cognitive restructuring alongside nuanced self-compassion training to help musicians process, rather than suppress, performance-related distress.