Role of tumor microenvironment composition and metabolism in lymphoid malignancies and therapeutic strategies.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a significant role in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of lymphomas. The mechanisms of each TME component in lymphoma and related therapeutic strategies are reviewed in this article. In the immune-related TME, regulatory T-cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and other immune cells mediate immune suppression and evasion. In the non-immune-related TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) are involved in tumor progression, drug resistance, and immune evasion. In addition, aberrant glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism in tumor cells not only sustain their rapid proliferation and survival but also reshape the TME to favor immune escape, thereby worsening patient outcomes. Various treatment strategies targeting the components of the TME and metabolic abnormalities have brought new hope for the treatment of lymphoma. Further in-depth investigation into the intricate crosstalk between the TME and lymphoma cells will be instrumental in developing more effective, personalized precision therapies to improve patient survival.