Disorders of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism in camelids.

Camelids develop a number of disturbances related to energy metabolism. Some are similar to disorders seen in other species, but most relate to camelids' unusual characteristics of poor glucose tolerance, partial insulin resistance, and low concentrations of circulating insulin. Camelids are especially prone to abnormalities related to stimuli that inhibit insulin release or activity, or that promote activities normally antagonized by insulin. These include stimuli that mobilize glycogen or fat stores, or inhibit glucose uptake or intravascular glycolysis. These stimuli are generally more important than negative energy balance in triggering these disorders. Treatment must concentrate on the hormonal aspects, and not just provision of energy. Treatments related to hormonal aspects include those to decrease catecholamine release and to provide exogenous insulin until the camelid is again able to maintain appropriate energy substrate homeostasis.