Non-invasive ventilation in pediatrics. A narrative review. Part 2: New and emerging modes of non-invasive ventilation.

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has become an essential component of pediatric respiratory support, offering effective alternatives to invasive mechanical ventilation in both acute and chronic conditions. Advances in technology and a growing understanding of pediatric respiratory physiology have expanded the application of NIV across a range of clinical scenarios, from acute respiratory failure in the intensive care unit to long-term management of neuromuscular and sleep-related breathing disorders in outpatient settings. As part of a review series, in this part 2 we provide an overview of new and emerging modes of NIV, their recommended clinical applications and we will briefly discuss the available evidence in pediatrics.