Clinicopathological Spectrum and Biomarker Profile of Male Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Center in South India.

INTRODUCTION

Male breast cancer (MBC) accounts for <1% of breast malignancies yet often presents at advanced stages, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where awareness is limited. This study sought to define the clinicopathological spectrum, biomarker profile, and treatment outcomes of MBC in a South Indian tertiary cancer center.

OBJECTIVES

To analyze the demographic features, clinical presentation, pathological characteristics, biomarker distribution, treatment modalities, and outcomes of MBC cases managed at our center between 2019 and 2025.

MATERIALS AND

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed all male patients with histologically confirmed breast carcinoma managed between 2019 and 2025 at ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad. Demographic, clinical, pathological, biomarker, and treatment data were retrieved from hospital records and supplemented by follow-up contact.

RESULTS

A total of 15 patients (mean age 60 years, range 31-74) were identified. Median delay from symptom onset to diagnosis was 6 months. All presented with a retroareolar mass, frequently accompanied by nipple retraction or skin changes. Most patients had advanced disease: Stage III (n = 9, 60.0%) and Stage IV (n = 4, 26.7%). Invasive ductal carcinoma was universal. Hormone receptor positivity was seen in 80%, HER2 positivity in 40%, and a triple-positive phenotype in 26.7%. Treatment strategies were stage- and biomarker-driven: 86.7% underwent surgery, endocrine therapy was prescribed for all HR+ cases, HER2-directed therapy was delivered when feasible, and CDK4/6 inhibitors were used in selected advanced HR+ tumors. At last follow-up, 9 patients (60%) remained alive with disease control, while 2 succumbed to progression.

CONCLUSION

MBC in this cohort was characterized by delayed diagnosis, advanced presentation, and a high prevalence of HER2-positive tumors. Multimodality, biomarker-guided therapy achieved durable control in many patients, underscoring the urgent need for awareness initiatives, earlier detection, and equitable access to targeted therapies in India.