Non-Invasive Approaches to Internal Lymphedema in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND

Head and neck lymphedema (HNL) is a common sequela of head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment. While external HNL has been increasingly studied, research addressing internal laryngopharyngeal HNL remains limited. This review synthesizes literature on non-invasive interventions targeting internal HNL.

METHODS

A scoping review of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus through January 2026 was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

RESULTS

Of 768 records retrieved, nine studies published between 2020 and 2025 met criteria, reflecting 619 patients. This comprised three randomized clinical trials, three retrospective studies, one prospective trial, one pilot study, and one case report. Approaches included complete decongestive therapy, Kinesio Taping, pneumatic compression, and photobiomodulation, delivered by physical therapists, speech-language pathologists, and physiatrists. Outcomes were variable with inconsistent reductions in internal HNL, despite patient-reported improvements in swallowing.

CONCLUSIONS

Current evidence on non-invasive therapies for internal HNL is heterogeneous and sparse. Despite suggestions of benefit in small-scale studies, further research is necessary to guide clinical integration.