Intervirology · 2026
A tridimensional in vitro epithelial model of a simulated vaginal environment for the study of Candida albicans and Herpes Simplex Virus 2 mono- and co-infections.
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Caramaschi Stefania, Ricchi Francesco, Sala Arianna, Franceschini Laura, Fabbiani Luca, Gozzoli Marzia, Reggiani Bonetti Luca, Blasi Elisabetta, Cermelli Claudio
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) are highly prevalent genital pathogens that often coexist, potentially influencing mutual replication and host responses. Building on our recent work employing mono- and co-infections in A-431 epithelial cells, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model using inert scaffolds and the presence of a synthetic vaginal fluid (SVF) to better mimic vaginal epithelium.
METHODS: A-431 cells were cultured on inert 3D scaffolds, with or without SVF for 5 days, and then infected with C. albicans and/or HSV-2. Cell viability was assessed by LDH release, fungal burden by CFU assay, and viral load by PCR. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate epithelial structure, pathogen presence, and IL-6 production.
RESULTS: The A-431 cells formed a multilayered epithelium on scaffolds; yet, mature epithelial phenotype markers were not detected. SVF enhanced fungal growth and viral replication during co-infection. C. albicans significantly reduced epithelial viability, whereas HSV-2 showed minimal effects; dual infection caused slightly additive damage. IL-6 was produced both in mono and double infection.
CONCLUSION: The 3D scaffold-based model supports polymicrobial infection. Nevertheless, the lack of cell epithelial phenotype highlights the need of further strategies to more closely replicate the in vivo vaginal mucosal environment.
METHODS: A-431 cells were cultured on inert 3D scaffolds, with or without SVF for 5 days, and then infected with C. albicans and/or HSV-2. Cell viability was assessed by LDH release, fungal burden by CFU assay, and viral load by PCR. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate epithelial structure, pathogen presence, and IL-6 production.
RESULTS: The A-431 cells formed a multilayered epithelium on scaffolds; yet, mature epithelial phenotype markers were not detected. SVF enhanced fungal growth and viral replication during co-infection. C. albicans significantly reduced epithelial viability, whereas HSV-2 showed minimal effects; dual infection caused slightly additive damage. IL-6 was produced both in mono and double infection.
CONCLUSION: The 3D scaffold-based model supports polymicrobial infection. Nevertheless, the lack of cell epithelial phenotype highlights the need of further strategies to more closely replicate the in vivo vaginal mucosal environment.