Rectal Prolapse.

Rectal prolapse is a complex, multifactorial condition with significant functional and psychosocial impact. This review outlines current understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and evidence-based management. Emphasis is placed on a patient-centered approach that incorporates anatomic and functional factors, as well as multidisciplinary correction of coexisting pelvic organ prolapse. Both perineal and abdominal surgical approaches offer effective treatment. Recent data support individualized operative planning based on patient characteristics, surgical risk, and surgeon expertise. Minimally invasive techniques, including laparoscopic and robotic approaches, provide favorable outcomes in appropriately selected patients and should be employed when feasible.