Recent Developments, Challenges in Bitter Gourd Protein and Peptide Extraction Strategies, Techno-Functional Properties, Bioaccessibility, and Commercial Applications.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) has turned out to be a significant source of proteins and bioactive peptides, which have prospects of finding application in functional foods and nutraceuticals. It contains a high level of proteins and phytochemicals, which offer significant health benefits. Leaves, seeds, and stems are also high sources of antioxidants and are good stores of important nutrients. It can help prevent and treat a number of lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, nephrolithiasis, scabies, abdominal pain, and fever. This review critically evaluates the latest developments in methods of extraction of proteins and peptides from bitter gourd and emphasizes innovative methods. Such methods have enhanced extraction efficiency and protein yield, and improved functional properties. However, there are still issues in optimizing these processes to make them bioavailable and provide stable products. Furthermore, the commercial feasibility of bitter gourd proteins is limited by cost, flexibility, and marketability. This review highlights the need for research to improve extraction methods, explore new uses, and overcome trade barriers.