Carcinoid Heart Disease: A Guide for Clinicians.

Carcinoid heart disease is the collective term for all cardiac manifestations that develop in patients with carcinoid. The cardiac manifestations of carcinoid tumors are attributed to the paraneoplastic effects of vasoactive substances released by the malignant cells. The clinical manifestations of carcinoid heart disease include valvular destruction leading to valvular regurgitation and stenosis, right-sided heart failure, and metastatic carcinoid disease. A combination of biomarkers and cardiac imaging is used in screening and diagnosis of carcinoid heart disease in patients with carcinoid syndrome. The management of carcinoid heart disease involves medical and surgical treatment and requires a multidisciplinary approach for optimized care.