Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology · 2026
Chinese authentic herbal medicine Ganhuangcao from Southwest China mitigates influenza virus infection by inhibiting the host JAK2/STAT1 signaling pathway.
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Lv Chaoxiang, El-Far Ali, Cao Xiuhua, Zhang Qiqi, Zhou Ping, Wang Kai, Liu Xiaoyan, Lei Bin, Wei Chunli, Mei Zhiqiang, Yang Chaoxian, Tang Kaixiu
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Influenza caused by the influenza virus poses a significant global health threat, highlighting the urgent need for effective antiviral drugs. Ganhuangcao, a traditional Chinese medicine, is known for its heat-clearing, detoxifying, diuretic, and jaundice-reducing effects, but its anti-influenza properties and mechanisms have been scarcely studied.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to elucidate the effects and molecular mechanisms of Ganhuangcao extracts, particularly its main component, gallic acid (GA), against influenza virus (H1N1) infection.
METHODS: Ganhuangcao extracts were prepared using aqueous and alcoholic extractions, and their chemical components were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. MDCK cells and BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 were used as in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the antiviral effects of GA at different concentrations. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) and cytotoxicity (CC₅₀) of GA were determined using plaque reduction assays. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the impact of GA on immune cell infiltration (CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells) in the peripheral blood samples of infected mice. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect viral load (NP protein) and the expression and activation of key proteins in the JAK2-STAT1 signaling pathway. The JAK2-specific inhibitor LY3009104 was used to validate the pathway.
RESULTS: GA can effectively inhibit the replication of the H1N1 virus in cells, with an EC₅₀ of 8.49 μg/ml, a high therapeutic index, and good safety. Mechanistic studies indicate that GA can directly inhibit the activity of viral neuraminidase and downregulate the expression and replication of viral NP protein by blocking the abnormal activation of the JAK2/STAT1 signaling pathway. In an infected mouse model, GA treatment significantly reduced lung viral load, alleviated pathological damage to lung tissue, and increased survival rates. Its immunomodulatory effect is like that of the JAK2 inhibitor LY3009104, capable of suppressing excessive immune cell infiltration (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) and cytokine storms following infection.
CONCLUSION: This study confirms that GA derived from Ganhuangcao has significant anti-influenza potential. Its mechanism is closely related to inhibiting the activation of the JAK2-STAT1 signaling pathway, modulating the immune response, and directly inhibiting viral enzyme activity. This indicates that GA is a promising anti-influenza drug worthy of further clinical translation research.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to elucidate the effects and molecular mechanisms of Ganhuangcao extracts, particularly its main component, gallic acid (GA), against influenza virus (H1N1) infection.
METHODS: Ganhuangcao extracts were prepared using aqueous and alcoholic extractions, and their chemical components were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. MDCK cells and BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 were used as in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the antiviral effects of GA at different concentrations. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) and cytotoxicity (CC₅₀) of GA were determined using plaque reduction assays. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the impact of GA on immune cell infiltration (CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells) in the peripheral blood samples of infected mice. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect viral load (NP protein) and the expression and activation of key proteins in the JAK2-STAT1 signaling pathway. The JAK2-specific inhibitor LY3009104 was used to validate the pathway.
RESULTS: GA can effectively inhibit the replication of the H1N1 virus in cells, with an EC₅₀ of 8.49 μg/ml, a high therapeutic index, and good safety. Mechanistic studies indicate that GA can directly inhibit the activity of viral neuraminidase and downregulate the expression and replication of viral NP protein by blocking the abnormal activation of the JAK2/STAT1 signaling pathway. In an infected mouse model, GA treatment significantly reduced lung viral load, alleviated pathological damage to lung tissue, and increased survival rates. Its immunomodulatory effect is like that of the JAK2 inhibitor LY3009104, capable of suppressing excessive immune cell infiltration (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) and cytokine storms following infection.
CONCLUSION: This study confirms that GA derived from Ganhuangcao has significant anti-influenza potential. Its mechanism is closely related to inhibiting the activation of the JAK2-STAT1 signaling pathway, modulating the immune response, and directly inhibiting viral enzyme activity. This indicates that GA is a promising anti-influenza drug worthy of further clinical translation research.