[Lower eyelid blepharoplasty : A comparison of transconjunctival, transcutaneous, and combined blepharoplasty techniques].

Lower eyelid blepharoplasty is one of the most demanding techniques of aesthetic and functional oculoplasty. The past two decades have witnessed a paradigm shift from resective procedures toward tissue-preserving, volume-maintaining approaches. The transconjunctival technique offers a scarless approach with very low rates of eyelid malposition, whereas the transcutaneous approach enables simultaneous correction of skin, muscle, and septal pathologies. Midface lifting remains an important adjunct in patients with malar descent, negative vector, or midfacial volume deficiency. This review discusses anatomy, indications, surgical techniques, postoperative care, complication management, and current trends.