Sub-chronic toxicity of chemically synthesized CuO-NPs in albino mice.

Objectives: The current study explores the synthesis, characterization and toxicity of copper oxides (CuO-NPs) in albino mice. Methods: NPs were synthesized and albino mice were exposed to these nps orally for 30 days. Results: The nanoparticles exhibited a porous, rough-surfaced, spherical morphology; XRD confirmed their crystallinity, while FTIR revealed key functional groups. H1 (5 mg/kg) and H2 (15 mg/kg) of CuO-NPs exposure induced significant alterations in haematological parameters, including elevated WBCs counts, platelets and a significant decrease in haemoglobin and platelets distribution width. Biochemical analyses revealed changes in lipid profile, kidney, and liver biomarkers, indicating potential toxicity. Histological studies of the liver indicated sinusoidal lumen, necrosis, opening of the central vein, lymphocytic infiltration, irregular nucleus, degeneration of hepatocytes, and antinucleosis. In the kidney, glomerular destruction, necrosis, tubular degeneration, vascular degeneration, anisokaryosis, and expansion of the central vein were recorded. The heart tissues showed congestion, fatty degeneration, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and necrosis in the treated group. Molecular interactions revealed CuO NPs interacted with albumin, AST, bilirubin, and fibrinogen showing potential toxicity. Conclusion: This study highlights the link between nanomaterial properties, physiological changes, and molecular interactions underlying CuO NP toxicity, emphasizing the need for further research on their safe use and biomedical applications.