Surgical Treatments of Parkinson's Disease.

Surgical interventions have become an integral part of the treatment armamentarium for Parkinson's disease in cases where medication management alone has proven inadequate. Ablative techniques, deep brain stimulation, levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion, and subcutaneous pump systems offer unique advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of surgical therapy should be individualized. As newer techniques and technologies emerge, the landscape for surgical therapies continues to evolve. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to establish appropriate candidacy and to determine the most appropriate surgical intervention for each patient. Regular follow-up is essential to assess efficacy, manage complications, and to adjust and optimize treatment.