Urinary Surgery in Small Mammals.

This review article outlines urinary surgery in small mammals, stressing precise planning, specialized instruments, and tissue-sparing, minimally invasive approaches to reduce morbidity. It covers preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative care, including thorough preoperative workup, stabilization, imaging, and dietary advice to prevent recurrence of urolithiasis. Detailed techniques span kidney (biopsy, nephrotomy, nephrectomy, nephroureterectomy, and pyelolithotomy), ureter (urethrotomy, ureteroneocystostomy, stents, and subcutaneous ureteral bypass), and bladder procedures (cystotomy, cystectomy, cystopexy, and tube cystotomy). It also discusses urethral surgeries (urethrotomy, urethrostomy, and penile amputation), bladder herniation, and minimally invasive options (cystolithotomy and endoscopy-guided lithotripsy). Prognosis depends on underlying disease and adequate postoperative care.