Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026
TTX-S/TTX-R Na+ Currents Coordinately Fine-Tune Depolarization/Firing Capability Revealed by Voltage Derivatives/Displacement Current Phase Plots With Dynamic Current-Clamp Simulation in Rat Visceral Sensory Neurons.
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Jing-Ran Zhang, Hui-Xiao Fu, Xing-Yu Li, Hong-Fei Zhang, Tian-Min Dou, Bai-Yan Li, Di Wu
Аннотация
AIM: To investigate how tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na+ channels coordinately fine-tune action potential (AP) depolarization and firing capability in rat nodose visceral sensory neurons.
METHODS: APs were recorded by ruptured-patch current clamp in unmyelinated C-type and myelinated Ah-type neurons from isolated and sliced nodose ganglia. Voltage derivatives and displacement current phase plots were used to determine the kick-in voltage of TTX-R following TTX-S activation. Myelinated A-type neurons, which express TTX-S exclusively, served as a model for dynamic current-clamp (DCC) simulation, in which gNa0 (TTX-S) and gNa1 (TTX-R) were injected separately or in combination.
RESULTS: Voltage derivatives and phase plots revealed a biphasic upstroke in C- and Ah-type neurons, indicating sequential TTX-S then TTX-R activation. The TTX-R kick-in voltage was more negative in Ah-type than in C-type neurons and was strongly inversely correlated with the maximal upstroke velocity. DCC faithfully reproduced both AP types; TTX-R reactivation generated the C-type repolarization hump, and AP peak was preserved through proportional gNa0/gNa1 compensation. Increasing the integrated step size of gNa1 delayed TTX-R recruitment, reduced the second Na+ peak, and progressively impaired repetitive firing, whereas the TTX-S peak remained unchanged.
CONCLUSION: TTX-S and TTX-R Na+ channels coordinate AP depolarization sequentially and compensatorily: TTX-S initiates the upstroke, whereas TTX-R is recruited later and reactivates during repolarization to constrain firing frequency. Combining patch-clamp with DCC simulation provides novel insight into visceral sensory neuron excitability.
METHODS: APs were recorded by ruptured-patch current clamp in unmyelinated C-type and myelinated Ah-type neurons from isolated and sliced nodose ganglia. Voltage derivatives and displacement current phase plots were used to determine the kick-in voltage of TTX-R following TTX-S activation. Myelinated A-type neurons, which express TTX-S exclusively, served as a model for dynamic current-clamp (DCC) simulation, in which gNa0 (TTX-S) and gNa1 (TTX-R) were injected separately or in combination.
RESULTS: Voltage derivatives and phase plots revealed a biphasic upstroke in C- and Ah-type neurons, indicating sequential TTX-S then TTX-R activation. The TTX-R kick-in voltage was more negative in Ah-type than in C-type neurons and was strongly inversely correlated with the maximal upstroke velocity. DCC faithfully reproduced both AP types; TTX-R reactivation generated the C-type repolarization hump, and AP peak was preserved through proportional gNa0/gNa1 compensation. Increasing the integrated step size of gNa1 delayed TTX-R recruitment, reduced the second Na+ peak, and progressively impaired repetitive firing, whereas the TTX-S peak remained unchanged.
CONCLUSION: TTX-S and TTX-R Na+ channels coordinate AP depolarization sequentially and compensatorily: TTX-S initiates the upstroke, whereas TTX-R is recruited later and reactivates during repolarization to constrain firing frequency. Combining patch-clamp with DCC simulation provides novel insight into visceral sensory neuron excitability.