The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026
Adherence to empirically derived dietary patterns and risk of depression symptoms and anxiety disorder: The Maastricht Cohort Study.
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Mirjalili Fatemeh, Jambarsang Sara, Farashahi-Yazd Ehsan, Dianati Mostafa, Eussen Simone J P M, Schram Miranda T, Koster Annemarie, Salehi-Abargouei Amin, Yi-Wen Yu Evan, Zeegers Maurice P, Wesselius Anke
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Previous studies on mental disorders have yielded inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between dietary patterns (DPs) and psychological disorders, with most evidence derived from cross-sectional studies.
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the association between major DPs and risk of depression symptoms (DepS) and anxiety disorder (AnxD).
METHODS: This study used data from The Maastricht Study [participants included in analyses for DepS: n = 6967, mean age (SD): 59.94 (8.66) y, female: 49.40%; for AnxD: n = 6634, mean age (SD): 59.94 (8.60) y, female: 49.40%]. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intakes. DPs were derived using principal component analysis. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item questionnaire were used annually to assess DepS and AnxD, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was incorporated to examine the associations. Stratified analyses were performed based on the status of diabetes, sex, body mass index, and smoking.
RESULTS: Three DPs were identified: "high vegetables and legumes," "high fast food and sugar," and "vegetarian-like". After adjustment for all possible confounders, adherence to the "high fast food and sugar" DP was associated with a higher risk of DepS {hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] Q5 compared with Q1: 2.13 [1.55, 2.92], P < 0.001, Ptrend < 0.001} and AnxD [HR (95% CIs) Q5 compared with Q1: 2.03 (1.33, 3.10), P = 0.001, Ptrend < 0.001] in the total population. No association was found for other DPs in the total population. A significant interaction was observed between the "vegetarian-like" DP and smoking status on risk of AnxD [interaction term, HR (95% CIs): 0.76 (0.64, 0.90), P = 0.001]. Opposite but nonsignificant associations were noted in never-smokers [HR (95% CIs) Q5 compared with Q1: 1.47 (0.83, 2.60), P = 0.19, Ptrend = 0.06] and former/current smokers [HR (95% CIs) Q5 compared with Q1: 0.62 (0.37, 1.04), P = 0.07, Ptrend = 0.046].
CONCLUSIONS: A diet high in fast foods, confectionery, fried potatoes, sauces, sugar-sweetened beverages, and refined grains might be associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety in adults.
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the association between major DPs and risk of depression symptoms (DepS) and anxiety disorder (AnxD).
METHODS: This study used data from The Maastricht Study [participants included in analyses for DepS: n = 6967, mean age (SD): 59.94 (8.66) y, female: 49.40%; for AnxD: n = 6634, mean age (SD): 59.94 (8.60) y, female: 49.40%]. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intakes. DPs were derived using principal component analysis. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item questionnaire were used annually to assess DepS and AnxD, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was incorporated to examine the associations. Stratified analyses were performed based on the status of diabetes, sex, body mass index, and smoking.
RESULTS: Three DPs were identified: "high vegetables and legumes," "high fast food and sugar," and "vegetarian-like". After adjustment for all possible confounders, adherence to the "high fast food and sugar" DP was associated with a higher risk of DepS {hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] Q5 compared with Q1: 2.13 [1.55, 2.92], P < 0.001, Ptrend < 0.001} and AnxD [HR (95% CIs) Q5 compared with Q1: 2.03 (1.33, 3.10), P = 0.001, Ptrend < 0.001] in the total population. No association was found for other DPs in the total population. A significant interaction was observed between the "vegetarian-like" DP and smoking status on risk of AnxD [interaction term, HR (95% CIs): 0.76 (0.64, 0.90), P = 0.001]. Opposite but nonsignificant associations were noted in never-smokers [HR (95% CIs) Q5 compared with Q1: 1.47 (0.83, 2.60), P = 0.19, Ptrend = 0.06] and former/current smokers [HR (95% CIs) Q5 compared with Q1: 0.62 (0.37, 1.04), P = 0.07, Ptrend = 0.046].
CONCLUSIONS: A diet high in fast foods, confectionery, fried potatoes, sauces, sugar-sweetened beverages, and refined grains might be associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety in adults.