The Effects of Maternal Endocrinopathies and Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors During Pregnancy on the Fetus and Newborn.

Maternal health has a profound impact on fetal development, influencing the risk of pediatric endocrine disorders both directly and indirectly through various biological and environmental mechanisms. Throughout pregnancy, several endocrine disorders can arise or be exacerbated due to the physiological changes that occur. An in-depth review of articles with evidence-based research discussing the significant effects of maternal endocrinopathies and endocrine disruptors on fetal development and infant health was conducted in this review paper. The most common endocrine disorder during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus, which has an incidence rate of 2-16%, depending on ethnic origin. Maternal diabetes, apart from macrosomia and hypoglycemia, increases the risk for several pregnancy and neonatal complications such as stillbirth, perinatal mortality, and congenital malformations. Other endocrine issues occurring in pregnancy include alterations in thyroid hormone levels, obesity-related insulin resistance, Cushing syndrome, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, which all may negatively influence the fetus, as well as offspring development. Additionally, environmental exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy can disrupt endocrine function. Bisphenol A is the most common endocrine disruptor, which is particularly detrimental during gestation. Bisphenol A exposure is related to low birth weight, preterm birth, or developmental delays. Also, its exposition could be associated with an increased risk of obesity, metabolic disorders, and certain cancers later in life. Endocrinopathies and exposure to endocrine disruptors during pregnancy represent a challenging problem, being widespread and demanding appropriate management to reduce fetal and newborn complications.