Cardiometabolic Effects of Ilex paraguariensis (Yerba Mate): A Narrative Review of Evidence and Research Gaps.

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remain a major global health burden, yet their development is linked to modifiable risk factors. Available pharmacotherapy can effectively mitigate these risk factors but is associated with potential side effects. This motivates the search for complementary benefits offered by plant-derived substances. Yerba mate (YM) is a traditional South American beverage derived from crushed Ilex paraguariensis (IP) leaves. The infusion is rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids known for their beneficial effects on metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence on the cardiometabolic benefits of YM infusion and to outline current evidence gaps. The effects of YM on the human body appear to be multidirectional. The consumption of YM is associated with a reduction in postprandial glucose, as well as overall glycemic control and beneficial effects on endothelial function and a reduction in oxidative stress, along with an unclear effect on blood pressure. Additionally, though more modest, a beneficial influence on lipid profile has been found in preclinical studies, with more subtle changes recorded in humans. YM seems to have beneficial effects on postmenopausal metabolic status. The safety profile of YM is favorable, and available preclinical evidence suggests that yerba mate is generally well-tolerated and associated with a relatively low risk of adverse effects. These observations highlight the need for further adequately designed studies to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the health effects of YM infusion.