Injectable vaginal bio-adhesive gel activated by hard nano ceramic particles: in vitro and in vivo properties.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the histopathological and biochemical efficacy of vaginal gels (VGs) in healing lacerations resulting from vaginal trauma. The bioadhesive gel containing nanoparticles (n-HAp) represents a novel application in this field.

METHODS

VGs were synthesized using n-HAp and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). High-resolution FE-SEM images confirmed the presence of n-HAp, while XRD verified its structural properties. Four experimental groups were established: Control, Sham, VG, and VG/n-HAp. Tissue and blood samples were collected on days 7, 14, and 21.

RESULTS

Biochemical parameters such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated in serum samples. Histological evaluations included inflammation, granulation tissue formation, collagen and reticular fiber density, re-epithelialization, and neovascularization. The VG/n-HAp group exhibited significantly faster healing and more pronounced inflammatory responses over time compared to the other groups.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the addition of n-HAp to VGs accelerated both biochemical and histopathological recovery in a rat vaginal wound healing model.