Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
EndoClean: A Hybrid Deep Learning Framework for Automated Full-Video Boston Bowel Preparation Scale Assessment.
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Zhu Yan, Li Si-Yuan, Fu Pei-Yao, Zhang Zhen, Wang Shuo, Li Quan-Lin, Zhou Ping-Hong
Аннотация
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Adequate bowel preparation is the cornerstone of high-quality colonoscopy. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) is the gold standard for assessment, yet its application suffers from inter-observer variability and lacks a fully automated solution for entire video analysis. This study proposes EndoClean, a novel, fully automated deep learning framework designed to compute the full-segment BBPS score from colonoscopy videos, aiming to provide a standardized, objective, and near expert-level assessment.
METHODS: EndoClean integrates three distinct models: frame selection, anatomical segmentation, and BBPS scoring. Its performance was rigorously evaluated against a reference standard established by senior experts and compared with junior endoscopists. We assessed assessment precision, inter-rater agreement (quadratic weighted Kappa), and consistency across all colonic segments.
RESULTS: The EndoClean system demonstrated superior reliability, achieving a global accuracy of 97.8% for the total BBPS score, with satisfying agreement with senior experts (κ = 0.984; 95% CI: 0.976-0.989). Notably, EndoClean performed significantly better than junior endoscopists in overall BBPS agreements (κ: 0.984 vs. 0.949, p < 0.001) and overall accuracy (97.8% vs. 94.6%, p = 0.037). In segment-specific analysis, the EndoClean surpassed junior doctors particularly in the transverse colon (Accuracy: 97.5% vs. 90.4%, p < 0.001) and effectively reduced misclassifications in clinically ambiguous intermediate scores. For binary adequacy classification, the system achieved a sensitivity of 98.2% and a specificity of 97.3%.
CONCLUSIONS: EndoClean represents a robust solution in automated quality control, demonstrating performance comparable to senior experts in bowel preparation assessment. By significantly reducing the variability seen in junior endoscopists and providing objective, full-video BBPS scoring, this framework offers a viable, standardized, and efficient solution for clinical practice and large-scale quality monitoring.
METHODS: EndoClean integrates three distinct models: frame selection, anatomical segmentation, and BBPS scoring. Its performance was rigorously evaluated against a reference standard established by senior experts and compared with junior endoscopists. We assessed assessment precision, inter-rater agreement (quadratic weighted Kappa), and consistency across all colonic segments.
RESULTS: The EndoClean system demonstrated superior reliability, achieving a global accuracy of 97.8% for the total BBPS score, with satisfying agreement with senior experts (κ = 0.984; 95% CI: 0.976-0.989). Notably, EndoClean performed significantly better than junior endoscopists in overall BBPS agreements (κ: 0.984 vs. 0.949, p < 0.001) and overall accuracy (97.8% vs. 94.6%, p = 0.037). In segment-specific analysis, the EndoClean surpassed junior doctors particularly in the transverse colon (Accuracy: 97.5% vs. 90.4%, p < 0.001) and effectively reduced misclassifications in clinically ambiguous intermediate scores. For binary adequacy classification, the system achieved a sensitivity of 98.2% and a specificity of 97.3%.
CONCLUSIONS: EndoClean represents a robust solution in automated quality control, demonstrating performance comparable to senior experts in bowel preparation assessment. By significantly reducing the variability seen in junior endoscopists and providing objective, full-video BBPS scoring, this framework offers a viable, standardized, and efficient solution for clinical practice and large-scale quality monitoring.