Surgical treatment strategies for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.

Alveolar echinococcosis is a severe and rare helminthic disease with increasing incidence in endemic regions. Herein, available evidence on curative surgical and potential palliative approaches was reviewed. Such strategies have to be applied in the context of available resources in different health-care systems. Complete resection followed by adjuvant therapy remains the only curative treatment available. Curative surgery is performed by open or laparoscopic approach depending on the extent of the disease and the experience of the surgical team. Palliative resections are typically not indicated, because the availability of endoscopic treatments of biliary complications and long-term benzimidazoles represent efficient alternatives to surgery. Liver transplantation as an alternative to palliative surgery has not been shown to be superior to long-term conservative therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy might additionally contribute to fatal disease recurrence after transplantation.