The amino acid profile in metabolic syndrome and related conditions: a review.

Current data on characteristic changes in the amino acid profile of plasma and urine as an integral metabolic indicator of key stages of metabolic dysfunction have been summarized. At different stages of metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as associated conditions (cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease) both universal and specific (characteristic of specific pathologies) amino acid patterns are formed. The degree of independent contribution of amino acids to pathogenesis and the clinical applicability of individual amino acid metabolites have not been fully studied. Combined profiles and amino acid ratios, reflecting the early manifestations of metabolic pathologies, demonstrate the greatest potential. Amino acid profiling is considered a promising research tool that requires further validation, standardization, and clarification of its mechanisms before possible implementation in routine clinical practice.