Surgical techniques for cardiac transplantation.

The surgical technique for cardiac transplantation was introduced by Lower and Shumway more than 30 years ago. It is known as "biatrial technique for cardiac transplantation" and has been used in more than 20,000 patients. However, since the early days of cardiac transplantation, atrial arrhythmias and atrioventricular conduction disturbances were noted so frequently that Dr. Barnard suggested a modification of the original technique to the present biatrial technique, in which the inferior vena cava orifice is enlarged with an atriotomy incision curving toward the base of the right atrial appendage, away from the sinus node. Atrial arrhythmias and other conduction abnormalities have, however, persisted and have resulted in the need for pacemaker insertion in a significant number of patients. Over the past years, with the more frequent use of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, other abnormalities have been noted on follow-up of transplanted patients. These include tricuspid and mitral regurgitation, enlarged left and right atria with thrombus formation in the atrial suture line, asynchronous contraction of donor and recipient's atria, and right ventricular dysfunction in the early postoperative period. In the last 5 years, a new surgical technique for cardiac transplantation has been used in a few centers. This technique requires total excision of the recipient's heart and individual's caval and pulmonary vein anastomosis, "bicaval technique for cardiac transplantation." This technique seems to avoid the problems encountered with the biatrial technique. A comparison of the two surgical techniques, based on recently published surgical series, is presented.