[Medical practice in Ancient Greece : The orthopaedic and trauma surgery case reports of the Hippocratic Corpus].

OBJECTIVES: Which theoretical and practical competences do the orthopaedic and trauma surgery reports of the Hippocratic Corpus reveal?

MATERIALS: The 431 Hippocratic case histories have been studied for reports and communication on diagnostics, therapy and prognosis of orthopaedic diseases and traumatic lesions.

RESULTS: The seven books of the Hippocratic "Epidemics" describe a total of 26 patients with orthopaedic diseases and traumatic lesions. In the field of orthopaedic diseases, arthritis, myo- and tenopathia and gangrene play a prominent role, among the consequences of injury the fracture of the skull (n = 10) is in first place. Mainly individuals, but also groups of patients are reported. The clients' information on the course of the disease was often cautious. Diagnostics were limited to inspection and palpation. In addition to the measures of conservative treatment, four trepanations are described. The majority of traumatic brain lesions resulted in death.

DISCUSSION: The Hippocratic doctor was faced with a variety of orthopaedic disases and traumatic lesions. Within the case reports, the subjective complaints, the objective findings and the course of the treatment are described in detail. Among the ailments of the musculoskeletal system, spinal disorders, especially hypercyphosis and scoliosis play an important role. The variety of reduction techniques reported suggests that most of the fractures detected were dislocated. Post-traumatic tetanus can be readily identified in several followup observations due to the development of opisthotonus. No other surgical intervention is discussed by Hippocrates as often and as variously as trepanation. It can be concluded with some certainty that perforating injuries of the skull were a common challenge in the life of a surgeon of classic antiquity.