Clinical Management of Gastrointestinal and Liver Toxicities of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the treatment paradigm for various types of cancer. Nonetheless, with the utilization of these groundbreaking treatments, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are increasingly encountered. Colonic and hepatic involvement are among the most frequently encountered irAEs. Drug-induced side effects, infectious causes, and tumor-related symptoms are the key differentials for irAE complications. Potential risk factors for the development of irAEs include combination use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, past development of irAEs with other immunotherapy treatments, certain concomitant drugs, and a pre-existing personal or family history of autoimmune illness such as inflammatory bowel disease. The importance of early recognition, timely and proper management cannot be understated, as there are profound clinical implications on the overall cancer treatment plan and prognosis once these adverse events occur. Herein, we cover the clinical management of the well-established gastrointestinal irAEs of enterocolitis and hepatitis, and also provide an overview of several other emerging entities.