Effect of dual RF-EMF and pulsed magnetic field exposure on eNOS expression and histological integrity in male rat reproductive tissues.

This study investigated the molecular and histological responses of male rat reproductive tissues to combined radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) and pulsed magnetic field (PMF) exposure. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were assigned to ten groups and exposed once, twice, or three times daily for 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month. Penile, testicular, prostatic, and renal tissues were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Dual-mode electromagnetic exposure produced a marked increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA expression, particularly in long-term and higher-frequency groups, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels displayed only minimal changes. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression decreased in penile tissue following short-term exposure but showed a mild elevation in the long-term, high-frequency testicular group, indicating localized sensitivity. Histopathological examination revealed preserved tissue architecture in the penis, prostate, and kidneys, with hyperemia being the primary finding in penile sections. Caspase-3 (Cas-3) immunoreactivity remained low across all groups, demonstrating an absence of apoptotic activation. Testicular tissues maintained overall tubular integrity, although a moderate reduction in intratubular spermatozoa was noted in the one-month high-frequency group without accompanying necrosis or apoptosis. These findings indicate that RF-EMF and PMF exposure enhances endothelial activation mainly through eNOS upregulation while maintaining general tissue integrity in male reproductive organs. The mild testicular inflammatory response observed under prolonged exposure underscores the importance of dose-dependent application. Overall, the results support the biological safety and physiological relevance of dual electromagnetic stimulation under controlled experimental conditions.