Roles of endothelial cells during infection.

Endothelial cells (ECs) integrate immune and vascular functions to promote host defense against pathogens. While previously studied as forming passive flow conduits, ECs are now recognized as active contributors to maladaptive inflammation. During acute infection, ECs may promote tissue pathologies, including hypoxia, acidosis, electrolyte disturbances, and capillary barrier breakdown. These pathologies significantly contribute to organ dysfunction and septic shock. In chronic vascular infection, ECs may promote loss of vascular quiescence, contributing to vascular malformations and vaso-occlusive lesions. In this review, we discuss the interplay between the immune and vascular roles of blood ECs, an emerging area of interest with therapeutic implications. While previously overlooked, therapies targeting dysregulation of EC function(s) may show clinical benefit towards improving outcomes related to both acute and chronic forms of infection.