Marcello Malpighi's failing health, death, and the remarkable story of his mortal remains.

Marcello Malpighi, renowned as the founder of microscopic anatomy, faced many challenges throughout his life. Among these was his frail health, which deteriorated in his early 40s when he developed kidney stones. He struggled with arthritic pain and heart palpitations, which, along with his renal condition, gradually became worse as he got older. His clinical history and autopsy findings also suggest he may have suffered from hypertension, a disease unknown in the seventeenth century. Toward the end, his declining health was complicated by cardiovascular failure. After he died from a stroke, his mortal remains lay unburied for months due to a dispute over the ownership of the burial place. They were finally entombed but relocated multiple times over the next three centuries. An examination of the bones currently housed in his memorial, conducted on the tercentenary of his birth and critically revisited years later, raised doubts about their authenticity. In this paper, I review the causes of Malpighi's poor health and death and delve into the intriguing story of his mortal remains.