A genome-wide survey of NOD-like receptors in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis): Identification, characterization and expression analysis in response to bacterial infection.

As intracellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs, NOD-like receptors) are involved in innate immune responses in vertebrates. However, there is no systemic study on NLRs in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), a popular maricultured fish in China. In the present study, a genome-wide survey of NLRs was performed in C. semilaevis, with the identification of 29 NLRs, including five genes from the NLR-A subfamily (referred to as CsNOD1-5), two genes from the NLR-B subfamily, 18 genes from the NLR-C subfamily (referred to as CsNLR-C1 to 18) and four other NLR genes. Phylogenetic analysis implied that CsNOD1-5 contained conserved functional domains and had orthologous relationships with human NOD1-5. Moreover, CsNLR-C genes all possessed the FISHNA domain, which is a fish-specific NACHT subdomain. Expression analysis showed that CsNOD1-5 and CsNLR-C1/2 were ubiquitously expressed in various normal tissues. Bacterial infection with Vibro harveyi revealed distinct expression patterns of all the tested CsNLRs in gill, intestine, trunk kidney, liver and spleen. In particular, CsNOD1-4 and CsNLR-C2 were significantly upregulated in gills at 48 h post bacterial infection. In addition, CsNOD3 and CsNOD4 were significantly elevated in infectious intestine, trunk kidney, liver and spleen, revealing that their expressions were more sensitive to bacterial infection than other CsNLRs. Together with the computational protein-protein interaction network of CsNLRs, it was suggested that individual NLR genes had different roles in the innate immune cascades of C. semilaevi against bacterial infection. This study provides valuable information for further studies on CsNLR immune function.