Research progress on the application of nanobodies in immunity and infectious skin diseases.

In response to the limitations of traditional therapies for immune and infectious skin diseases in terms of tissue penetration, cost, and drug resistance, nanobodies derived from camelids and containing only a single heavy chain variable domain have shown significant advantages: their small molecular weight ensures excellent skin penetration ability, the extended CDR3 domain enables precise targeting of hidden epitopes, and they have excellent stability (tolerance to extreme pH, temperature, protease) and low-cost production potential. In the treatment of immune skin diseases, nanobodies effectively synergistically block key inflammatory pathways through multivalent/multispecific design, demonstrating deep therapeutic effects beyond some traditional therapies in areas such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and hidradenitis suppurativa. In the field of infectious skin diseases, it effectively blocks the process of pathogen infection by efficiently neutralizing key virulence factors (such as invasion proteins, adhesion factors, toxins) of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, and has the potential to serve as a highly specific diagnostic tool. Future research and development will focus on multi-target optimization, artificial intelligence assisted design, new transdermal/long-acting delivery systems, and precision medicine strategies, promoting nanobodies as an efficient and precise solution to revolutionize the treatment of skin diseases.