Mechanistic insights and therapeutic applications of metal-based nanomaterials in oral infectious diseases: Current advances and future perspectives.

Oral infectious diseases, including dental caries, pulpitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and osteomyelitis of the jaws, are among the most prevalent conditions in dentistry, primarily caused by bacterial infections. Traditional treatment approaches, such as mechanical debridement and antibiotic therapy, face limitations due to bacterial resistance, inadequate infection control, and the inability to promote tissue regeneration effectively. Metal-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for addressing these challenges, offering broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, immunomodulation, and regenerative properties. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the therapeutic potential of metal-containing nanomaterials in managing oral infectious diseases. It explores their antibacterial mechanisms, including membrane disruption, oxidative stress induction, and metabolic interference. Additionally, we discuss their role in modulating inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration through stem cell differentiation and extracellular matrix remodeling. The application of these nanomaterials in caries prevention, endodontic therapy, periodontal treatment, and implantology is critically examined. Finally, we highlight key challenges, including biosafety concerns, clinical translation hurdles, and material optimization strategies. By summarizing recent advances and emerging trends, this review aims to provide insights into the development of innovative nanotherapeutics for enhanced oral healthcare.