Transforming Gastric Biopsy Diagnostics: Integrating Omics Technologies and Artificial Intelligence.

Background

Gastric biopsy remains central to diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection, autoimmune gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and gastric cancer. However, morphology-based assessment is limited by interobserver variability, sampling constraints, and an incomplete ability to capture molecular heterogeneity and predict progression.

Objective

This mini review summarizes how multi-omics technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) are modernizing gastric biopsy diagnostics, enabling precision classification, risk stratification, and workflow improvement.

Methods

A narrative synthesis was undertaken across key literature on gastric pathology, multi-omics (genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and spatial approaches), and AI in endoscopy and computational pathology.

Results

Multi-omics profiling enhances mechanistic understanding and refines disease classification by capturing clonal evolution, pathway dysregulation, immune-microenvironment interactions, and metabolic remodeling, with potential for biomarker discovery and therapy prediction. AI applications demonstrate strong performance across the gastric diagnostic pathway, including improved lesion detection during endoscopy, reduced miss rates, lesion segmentation, classification of precancerous conditions, H. pylori recognition, and near-expert histopathology classification. Evidence from systematic reviews supports robust diagnostic accuracy, while prospective studies highlight real-time feasibility.

Conclusions

Integrating AI with multi-omics is shifting gastric biopsy from descriptive histology toward data-driven precision gastroenterology. Key barriers include dataset quality, standardization, interpretability, cost, and regulatory and ethical governance; addressing these will be essential for routine clinical adoption.