Adverse effects of voriconazole: Over a decade of use.

Voriconazole use has increased since the drug's introduction in 2002, and new and unique adverse effects are emerging as patients undergo prolonged therapy. Most concerning is the increased risk of cutaneous malignancies, primarily squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); this risk is duration dependent and the associated malignancies tend to be more aggressive and multifocal. Voriconazole is also associated with phototoxicity (which may be a precursor to malignancy), periostitis, hallucinations and encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, alopecia, nail changes, hyponatremia, and other adverse effects. Some toxicities (neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal including hepatic) are seen in clear association with supratherapeutic serum voriconazole levels; thus, careful monitoring of voriconazole levels is a critical component of safe drug use. Guidelines for screening for adverse effects after long-term voriconazole use may be beneficial and need to be established.