IJID regions · 2026
Bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and associated factors among adult household contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Kaffa Zone public hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia.
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Eshetu Daniel Mulat, Molla Mikias Getahun, Ambaw Zebene, Baylie Aynekulu
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is a highly transmissible infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains a major global public health problem. Household contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis are at increased risk due to prolonged and close exposure within shared living environments. However, evidence on the bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis burden and associated factors among adult household contacts in Southwest Ethiopia remains limited.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the occurrence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and identify associated factors among adult household contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis treated in public hospitals of Kaffa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.
METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 417 randomly selected adult household contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis from October 1 to November 1, 2025. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. All participants were screened for tuberculosis symptoms, and those who were symptomatic and able to produce sputum provided specimens for bacteriological testing using the GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) assay. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.7 and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Variables with P < 0.20 in bivariable analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression model, and statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05.
RESULTS: Bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis was detected in 8.4% (35/417; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.56-11.14) of the adult household contacts screened. As only symptomatic participants who were able to produce sputum underwent GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing, this estimate represents the minimum proportion of participants with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis identified through the screening strategy. Among participants who underwent GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing, 21.0% (35/167) were positive. Inadequate ventilation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.37-8.59) and inadequate living room size (AOR = 4.26, 95% CI: 1.51-11.98) were associated with higher odds of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. Protective factors included index patients treatment duration of six months or more (AOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.15-0.94), monthly household income ≥ 1500 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.12-0.66), and no history of cigarette smoking (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14-0.89).
CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis remains a significant public health concern among adult household contacts in Kaffa Zone. Improving housing conditions and strengthening contact investigation are essential to reduce transmission.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the occurrence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and identify associated factors among adult household contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis treated in public hospitals of Kaffa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.
METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 417 randomly selected adult household contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis from October 1 to November 1, 2025. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. All participants were screened for tuberculosis symptoms, and those who were symptomatic and able to produce sputum provided specimens for bacteriological testing using the GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) assay. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.7 and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Variables with P < 0.20 in bivariable analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression model, and statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05.
RESULTS: Bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis was detected in 8.4% (35/417; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.56-11.14) of the adult household contacts screened. As only symptomatic participants who were able to produce sputum underwent GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing, this estimate represents the minimum proportion of participants with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis identified through the screening strategy. Among participants who underwent GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing, 21.0% (35/167) were positive. Inadequate ventilation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.37-8.59) and inadequate living room size (AOR = 4.26, 95% CI: 1.51-11.98) were associated with higher odds of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. Protective factors included index patients treatment duration of six months or more (AOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.15-0.94), monthly household income ≥ 1500 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.12-0.66), and no history of cigarette smoking (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14-0.89).
CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis remains a significant public health concern among adult household contacts in Kaffa Zone. Improving housing conditions and strengthening contact investigation are essential to reduce transmission.