GCN-BBB: Deep Learning Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Permeability PharmacoAnalytics with Graph Convolutional Neural (GCN) Network.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a selective barrier between the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the peripheral system, regulating the distribution of molecules. BBB permeability has been crucial in CNS-targeting drug development, such as glioblastoma-related drug discovery. In addition, more CNS diseases still present significant challenges, for instance, neurological disorders like Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and drug abuse. Conversely, cannabinoid drugs that do not cross the BBB are needed to avoid off-target CNS psychotropic effects. In vitro and in vivo experiments measuring BBB permeability are costly and low throughput. Computational pharmacoanalytics modeling, particularly using deep-learning Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), offers a promising alternative. GNNs excel at capturing intricate relationships in graph-based information, such as small molecular structures. In this study, we developed GNNs model for BBB permeability using the graph representation of drugs. The GNNs were compared with other algorithms using molecular fingerprints or physical-chemical descriptors. With a dataset of 1924 molecules, the best GNNs model, a convolutional graph neural network using a normalized Laplacian matrix (GCN_2), achieved a precision of 0.94, recall of 0.96, F1 score of 0.95, and MCC score of 0.77. This outperformed other machine learning algorithms with molecular fingerprints. The findings indicate that the graphic representation of small molecules combined with GNNs architecture is powerful in predicting BBB permeability with high accuracy and recall. The developed GNNs model can be utilized in the initial screening stage for new drug development.