Anatomical Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs Using Ultrasonography, Radiography and Computed Tomography.

The present study aimed to investigate the anatomical, ultrasonographic, radiographic and computed tomographic parameters of the normal temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and related structures in dogs. Ten clinically healthy adult mesocephalic dogs (8 live and 2 cadavers), aged 2 to 4 years, were included in this study. Gross anatomical dissection was performed in 2 cadaveric dogs to validate the ultrasonographic features of the TMJ. Radiography provided visualization of bony structures of the TMJ, but images were superimposed on surrounding structures. Computed tomography produced excellent and in-detail bony anatomy. Ultrasonography demonstrated superior soft tissue resolution, and visibility of the intra-articular soft structures of the TMJ and its neighboring soft tissues, such as the masseter muscle, parotid gland, and articular capsule. Gross anatomical dissection validated the ultrasound findings. This study concluded that ultrasonography is a practical, noninvasive diagnostic tool for the assessment of normal TMJ in dogs.