Melatonin as an adjunctive therapy in cardiovascular disease management.

Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a neuroendocrine hormone secreted by the pineal gland. This pleiotropic indoleamine possesses amphiphilic properties, allowing it to penetrate most biological barriers and exert its effects at the subcellular level. Importantly, melatonin also plays a crucial role in regulating the body's response to circadian rhythms, adapting to internal and external environmental cues. Melatonin functions as a powerful antioxidant and free radical scavenger, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Its diverse physiological roles include maintaining the functional integrity of endothelial cells, thereby preventing atherosclerosis, a major contributor to cardiovascular disease. Additionally, melatonin exhibits antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties, potentially improving metabolic disorders. These combined effects suggest a unique adjunctive therapeutic potential for melatonin in treating cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to explore the mechanisms by which melatonin interacts with the cardiovascular system and investigates its potential use as an adjunctive therapeutic agent in managing cardiovascular disease.