Selected Pathologies of the Male Genital Organs in Bulls, Including Frequency, Significance, and Risk Factors: A Review.

Bulls can develop various conditions affecting the penis, testicles, and associated structures that reduce fertility, spread disease, and increase costs for farmers. This review synthesizes data from farm fertility examinations and slaughterhouse findings to illustrate the prevalence of these conditions, their causes (including inherited defects, infections, and injuries), their impacts on breeding, and potential interventions. Conditions discussed include orchitis, testicular hypoplasia, testicular degeneration, testicular hydrocele, malignant tumors, spermatocele, penile papillomatosis, and penile hematoma. Lameness and systemic illnesses can also impair a bull's breeding ability. Regular fertility examinations assessing overall health, testicle size, semen motility, and sperm morphology, coupled with timely medical or surgical treatment, can improve reproductive outcomes. Maintaining national records of birth defects and health histories could aid in preventing the transmission of deleterious traits. Reducing these disorders enhances animal welfare, protects herd fertility and the food supply, and supports the economic viability of cattle producers.