Clinical management and outcomes of cesarean section in three black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) -A case series.

Black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) is a New World primate species native to the Brazilian Central Plateau. Over a four-month period, three unrelated adult females presented with prolonged and difficult labor lasting 6-8 h that began during the midnight hours. Radiographic examination in ventrodorsal and lateral views revealed the presence of twin fetuses in all three marmosets. Ultrasonographic evaluation confirmed the viability of all fetuses. Due to the small body size of the species, obstetrical manipulations were considered impractical and therefore not attempted. Surgical intervention was performed under gas anesthesia (isoflurane). With the animals positioned in dorsal recumbency, a 5 cm straight incision was made along the midline through the linea alba to access the abdominal cavity. Fetuses were successfully retrieved and uterus was subsequently closed using an inversion suture pattern, followed by apposition of the muscle layers with polyglactin 910 in an opposition suture pattern, providing effective anatomical closure. The females recovered uneventfully from anesthesia, and complete healing of the surgical wound was observed within 14 days during postoperative follow-up. All six newborn babies were successfully hand-reared. Biometric measurements of newborns were recorded.