A Non-Invasive Monitoring of Bulking Agent with 3D Ultrasonography: a Scoping Review.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: This scoping review is aimed at identifying three-dimensional ultrasound parameters associated with successful outcomes after bulking agent injection for stress urinary incontinence.

METHODS

A comprehensive search in Medline, Scopus, and Embase databases was conducted using combinations of the following keywords: 3D; Ultrasonography; Bulking agent. Inclusion criteria included cohort studies, observational studies, and reviews published in English from 2001 to August 2025.

RESULTS

Out of 157 articles in the initial database, 5 studies with 202 patients were eligible for inclusion in our literature review. Circumferential distribution (or horseshoe-shaped distribution) with proximal (or proximal and at the middle level) urethral location of bulking agent seems to be associated with better clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Although further studies are needed, 3D ultrasound could be a useful tool in the management strategy for stress urinary incontinence using bulking agents.