The Journal of nutrition · 2026
Elevated Maternal Serum Isoflavones in Early Pregnancy Are Associated with Increased Fetal Growth in the Second Trimester: From a Prospective Cohort in Guangxi, China.
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Lei Lei, Wang Xiaogang, Liu Meiliang, Qiu Xiaoqiang, Huang Dongping, Liu Shun, Pan Dongxiang, Wang Lijun, Chen Jiehua, Yang Yu, Zeng Xiaoyun
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Isoflavones are plant-derived estrogenic compounds that can cross the placenta and influence fetal development, but evidence on fetal ultrasound parameters is limited.
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess associations between individual and combined isoflavones and fetal ultrasound parameters in a prospective birth cohort in Guangxi, China.
METHODS: We included 577 mother-infant pairs. Fetal parameters included biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length, abdominal circumference, and estimated fetal weight. Maternal serum isoflavones in early pregnancy were measured by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Associations were analyzed using multiple linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression.
RESULTS: Higher daidzein, genistein, and glycitein levels (highest compared with lowest tertile) were linked to significantly increased second-trimester biparietal diameter [β = 0.291, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.091, 0.492; β = 0.256, 95% CI: 0.053, 0.459, and β = 0.296, 95% CI: 0.095, 0.498, respectively] and head circumference z-scores (β = 0.216, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.427, β = 0.240, 95% CI: 0.025, 0.456, and β = 0.264, 95% CI: 0.050, 0.478, respectively). Higher daidzein concentrations were also correlated with significantly increased third-trimester head circumference (β = 0.304, 95% CI: 0.086, 0.522). Glycitein exhibited sex-specific effects on abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight in females, whereas daidzein affected third-trimester estimated fetal weight in females and head circumference in males (all P < 0.05). In Bayesian kernel machine regression, higher isoflavone combined levels (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and equol) were significantly associated with increased second-trimester biparietal diameter) z-scores in the total population and female fetuses, as well as increased second-trimester estimated fetal weight in female fetuses, with glycitein identified as the major contributor.
CONCLUSIONS: Early-pregnancy isoflavone exposure may positively influence fetal growth, with trimester- and sex-specific effects. Further mechanistic studies on placental nutrient transport, gene expression, and long-term offspring outcomes are warranted.
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess associations between individual and combined isoflavones and fetal ultrasound parameters in a prospective birth cohort in Guangxi, China.
METHODS: We included 577 mother-infant pairs. Fetal parameters included biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length, abdominal circumference, and estimated fetal weight. Maternal serum isoflavones in early pregnancy were measured by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Associations were analyzed using multiple linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression.
RESULTS: Higher daidzein, genistein, and glycitein levels (highest compared with lowest tertile) were linked to significantly increased second-trimester biparietal diameter [β = 0.291, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.091, 0.492; β = 0.256, 95% CI: 0.053, 0.459, and β = 0.296, 95% CI: 0.095, 0.498, respectively] and head circumference z-scores (β = 0.216, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.427, β = 0.240, 95% CI: 0.025, 0.456, and β = 0.264, 95% CI: 0.050, 0.478, respectively). Higher daidzein concentrations were also correlated with significantly increased third-trimester head circumference (β = 0.304, 95% CI: 0.086, 0.522). Glycitein exhibited sex-specific effects on abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight in females, whereas daidzein affected third-trimester estimated fetal weight in females and head circumference in males (all P < 0.05). In Bayesian kernel machine regression, higher isoflavone combined levels (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and equol) were significantly associated with increased second-trimester biparietal diameter) z-scores in the total population and female fetuses, as well as increased second-trimester estimated fetal weight in female fetuses, with glycitein identified as the major contributor.
CONCLUSIONS: Early-pregnancy isoflavone exposure may positively influence fetal growth, with trimester- and sex-specific effects. Further mechanistic studies on placental nutrient transport, gene expression, and long-term offspring outcomes are warranted.