The role of ceramides in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy: Mechanisms and Implications for therapeutic strategies.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision impairment among individuals with diabetes, driven by microvascular damage and retinal degeneration. Recent evidence implicates ceramides-bioactive sphingolipids-as critical mediators in DR pathogenesis. These lipids influence critical cellular processes, including apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Emerging data suggests that ceramide accumulation exacerbates retinal neurodegeneration in DR by modulating key molecular pathways. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the role of ceramides in DR development and progression, examines the factors influencing their activity, and explores the therapeutic potential of targeting ceramide metabolism. By integrating recent findings, this article aims to provide insights for future research and clinical strategies in DR management.